Environment Papers

Abrego, Lisandro et al. "Trade and Environment: Bargaining Outcomes from Linked Negotiations." Center for the Study of Globalization and Regionalism. April 1999.

Beghin, John et al. "Trade Integration, Environmental Degradation, and Public Health in Chile: Assessing the Linkages." Iowa State University, February 1999.

Caldwell, Douglas Jake. "Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the GATT/WTO Regime." April 1998

Charnovitz, Steve. "Trade and Climate: Potential Conflicts and Synergies"". The Pew Center, Working Draft July 2003.

Copeland, Brian and Taylor, M. Scott. "Free Trade and Global Warming: A Trade Theory View of the Kyoto Protocol." National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2000.

Cosbey, Aaron and Burgiel, Stas. "The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: An Analysis of Results." International Institute for Sustainable Development, February 2000.

Cosbey, Aaron. "Institutional Challenges and Opportunities in Environmentally Sound Trade Expansion: A Review of the Global State of Affairs." University of Miami North-South Center, April 2000.

Damania, Richard, and Barbier, E. "Lobbying, Trade and Renewable Resource Harvesting." Center for International Economic Studies, April 2001.

Damania, Richard. "Trade and the Political Economy of Natural Resource Management." Center for International Economic Studies, November 2000.

Damania, Richard; Fredriksson, Per and List, John. "Trade Liberalization, Corruption and Environmental Policy Formation: Theory and Evidence." Center for International Economic Studies, December 2000.

Dean, Judith M. "Does Trade Liberalization Hurt the Environment? A New Test." Center for International Economic Studies, March 2000.

Driesen, David. "What is Free Trade? The Real Issue Lurking Behind the Trade and Environment Debate." Syracuse University, March 2000.

Einarsson, Peter. "Agricultural Trade Policy As If Ecological Sustainability and Food Security Mattered." Church of Sweden Aid et al., December 2000.

Eriksen, Janne and Hansen, Michael. "Environmental Aspects of Danish Direct Investment in Developing Countries: Managing the Environment in an Open Economy." UNCTAD, January 1999.

Esty, Daniel C. "Public Participation in the International Trading System: Why the WTO Needs Environmental NGOs. ." ICTSD Series: BRIDGES Series on Public Participation in the International Trading System Vol:3, 1997.

Esty, Daniel. "Economic Integration and the Environment." in The Global Environment: Institutions, Law and Policy, 1999. (2 MB)

Esty, Daniel. "Why the World Trade Organization Needs Environmental NGOs." International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development. 

Fenzhong, Cao and Xiaoyue, Shen. "Strategies for Trade Liberalization in Environmental Services in China." Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy, August 2000.

Fredriksson, Per G. and Muthukumara Mani. Trade Integration & Political Turbulence: Environmental Policy Consequences. International Monetary Fund, October 2001.

Gallagher, Kevin P. Is NACEC a Model Trade and Environment Institution? Lessons from Mexican Industry. Global Development and Environment Institute, October 2001.

Gallagher, Kevin. "Trade Liberalization and Industrial Pollution in Mexico: Lessons for the FTAA." Tufts University, October 2000.

Gallagher, Kevin and Ackerman, Frank. "Trade Liberalization and Pollution Intensive Industries in Developing Countries: A Partial Equilibrium Approach." Tufts University, January 2000.

Gitli, Eduardo and Murillo, Carlos. "Factors Hindering the Inclusion of Environmental Issues into Trade Negotiations: FTAA and a Positive Agenda." Integracion, Comercio y Ambient, March 1999.

Guoming, Xian et al. "The Interface Between Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment: The Case of China." UNCTAD, April 1999.

Guttal, Shalmah. "Trading the Environment." Focus on the Global South, February 2000. 

Haixiao, Huang and Walter C. Labys. "Environment and Trade: A Review of Issues and Methods." University of West Virginia, 2001.

Hansen, Michael. "Cross Border Environmental Management in Transnational Corporations." UNCTAD, June 1999.

Hertel, Thomas and Randhir, Timothy. "Trade Liberalization as a Vehicle for Adapting to Global Warming." Global Trade Analysis Project, November 1999.

Hofreither, Markus. "Agri-Environmental Policies and Trade Issues: Selected Problems." OECD, October 1998.

International Institute for Sustainable Development. "Report on the WTO's High-Level Symposium on Trade and Environment" March 1999

Ishikawa, Jota and Kiyono, Kazaharu. "International Trade and Global Warming." Hitotsubashi University and University of Tokyo, June 2000.

Jha, Raghbendra and Whalley, John. "The Environmental Regime in Developing Countries." Center for the Study of Globalization and Regionalism. May 1999.

Jha, Veena. "Trade and Environment: Seattle and Beyond." World Bank, February 2000.

Jha, Veena. "Investment Liberalization and Environmental Protection : Conflicts and Compatibilities in the Case of India." UNCTAD, January 1999.

Kaushik, Atul. "Study of the Impact of Environmental Requirements on Export Performance." Indian Ministry of Commerce, November 1999.

Mann, Howard and Araya, Monica. "An Investment Regime for the Americas: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainability." Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, March 2001.

Mann, Howard. Assessing the Impact of NAFTA on Environmental Law and Management Processes. International Institute for Sustainable Development, October 2001.

Maskus, Keith. "Regulatory Standards in the WTO: Comparing Intellectual Property Rights with Competition Policy, Environmental Protection, and Core Labor Standards." World Bank, January 2000

Meléndez-Ortiz, Ricardo and Dehlavi, Ali. " Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy Objectives: A Case for Updating Special and Differential Treatment in the WTO ." ICTSD, September 1998.

Metcalfe, Mark and Beghin, John. "Piecemeal Reform of Trade and Environmental Policy: When Consumption Also Pollutes." North Carolina State University, January 1998.

Perez, Oren. "The Many Faces of the Trade-Environment Conflict: Some Lessons for the Constitutionalization Project." European Integration Online Papers, 2002.

Phan, Anbinh.  "Implications of the EU-US WTO Trade Dispute on GM Foods:  Zambia's Acute Food Shortage and Rejection of US Food Aid."  Woodrow Wilson School of Public Policy and International Affairs, May 2003.

Rasiah, Rajah. "Transnational Corporations and the Environment: The Case of Malaysia." UNCTAD, May 1999.

Runge, C. Ford. "Emerging Issues at the Interface of Domestic and International Policy: Agricultural Trade and the Environment." WWF/OECD, October 1998.

Sampson, Gary. "Trade, the Environment and the WTO: A Policy Agenda." Overseas Development Council, November 1999.

Sawhney, Arpana and Rupa Chanda. "Trade in Environmental Services: Opportunities and Constraints " Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, May 2003.

Schamel, Günter, and de Gorter, Harry. "More on the Welfare Effects of Distortions via Environmental and Trade Policy." Center for International Economic Studies, March 2000

Sedjo, Roger and Simpson, R. David. "Tariff Liberalization, Wood Trade Flows, and Global Forests." Resources for the Future, November 1999.

Segger, Marie-Claire Cordonier; Maria Leichner Reynal; Nicola Borregaar; and Ana Karina González. A New Mechanism for Hemispheric Cooperation on Environmental Sustainability and Trade? International Institute for Sustainable Development, March 2002.

Sizer, Nigel et al. "Tree Trade: Liberalization of International Commerce in Forest Products: Risks and Opportunities." World Resources Institute and Center for International Environmental Law, November 1999.

Smarzynska, Beata K. and Shang-Jin Wei. "Pollution Havens and Foreign Direct Investment: Dirty Secret or Popular Myth?" World Bank, September 2001.

Strutt, Anna and Kym Anderson. Estimating Environmental Effects of Trade Agreements with Global CGE Models: A GTAP Application to Indonesia. University of Waikato, November 1999.

Tallontire, Anne. "Will the WTO Prevent the Growth of Ethical Trade? Implications of the International Policy Environment for Ethical Trade Schemes." Natural Resources Institute, September 1999.

Tay, Simon. "Trade, the Environment, and Labor: Texts, Concepts, and Institutions." World Bank, December 1999.

USDA Economic Research Service. "Agriculture, Trade and the Environment: What are the Concerns?" December 1996

UNCTAD. "Strengthening Capacities in Developing Countries to Develop Their Environmental Services Sector."1996.

United Nations Environment Programme. "Trade Liberalisation and the Environment: Lessons Learned from Bangladesh, Chile, India Philippines, Romania and Uganda." UNEP 1999.

United Nations Environment Programme. " Economic Reform, Trade Liberalisation and the Environment." UNEP 2001.

US GAO. "North American Free Trade Agreement: US Experience with Environment, Labor, and Investment Dispute Settlement Cases." The United States General Accounting Office, July 2001.

van Beers, Cees and van den Bergh, Jeroen. "The Impact of Environmental Policy on Foreign Trade: Tobey Revisited with a Bilateral Flow Model." Tinbergen Institute, June 2000.

Vogel, David. "Environmental Regulation and Economic Integration." University of California-Berkeley, October 1999.

von Moltke, Konrad. "Trade and Environment: The Linkages and the Politics." International Institute for Sustainable Development, August 1999.

Vossenaar, Rene and Jha, Veena. "Mainstreaming  Environment in the WTO: Possible Implications for Developing Countries." UNCTAD, November 1999.

Vossenaar, Rene; Hoffmann, Ulrich; and Jha, Veena. "Trade and Environment: Proposals on Their Possible Implications for Developing Countries." Discussion Paper for the First Regional Workshop on Strengthening Research and Policy-Making Capacity on Trade and Environment in Developing Countries; Los Baños, Philippines, 11-13 November 1999

Waniala, Nimrod and Muramira, Telly. "Environmental Implication of Liberalizing Trade In Agricultural and Fish Products - The Case for Uganda." UNCTAD,  November 1999.

Wardam, Batir. "The Environmental Portfolio of the US-Jordan Free Trade Agreement." Al Urdun Al Jadeed Research Center, March 2001. 

Whalley, John. "Environmental Considerations in a New Multilateral Agricultural Negotiation, and Associated Developing Country Implications." Center for the Study of Globalization and Regionalization, November 1999.

Wheeler, David. "Racing to the Bottom? Foreign Investment and Air Pollution in Developing Countries." World Bank, February 2001.

Wilson, John S.; Tsunehiro Otsuki and Mirvat Sewadeh. Dirty Exports and Environmental Regulation:Do Standards Matter to Trade? The World Bank, March 2002.

Wiser, Glenn M. Frontiers in Trade: The Clean Development Mechanism and the General Agreement on Trade in Services.  CIES, 2002.

World Trade Organization. "WTO Secretariat Trade and Environment Report." WTO, October 1999.

Yonghai, Shu. "APEC Trade Liberalization and China: Coordination of Environmental and Trade Policies." Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, August 2000.

Yu, Zhihao. "Environmental Protection and Free Trade: Direct and Indirect Competition for Political Influence." University of Nottingham, March 2000.

Zarsky, Lyuba. "Havens, Halos and Spaghetti: Untangling the Evidence About the Relationship Between Foreign Investment and the Environment." Nautilus Institute, January 1999.

Other Resources

"The Multilaterals Project." Texts of multilateral agreements.

Center for International Environmental Law & Greenpeace International. "Safe Trade in the 21st Century." September 1999.

Cosbey, Aaron. "The Kyoto Protocol and the WTO." International Institute for Sustainable Development, December 1999.

De la Torre, Isabel & Batker, David. "Prawn to Trade, Prawn to Consume: The Social and Environmental Impacts of the Production, Trade and Consumption of Farmed Shrimp." Industrial Shrimp Action Network and Asia-Pacific Environmental Exchange, November 1999.

EarthJustice Legal Defense Fund. "Our Forests at Risk: The World Trade Organization's Threat to Forest Protection." EarthJustice Legal Defense Fund and Northwest Ecosystem Alliance, September 1999. Executive Summary. Full Text.

Environmental NGO and Third Party Position Papers 

"Environment and Trade: A Handbook." International Institute for Sustainable Development and United Nations Environment Programme, April 2000.

Halle, Mark. "IISD Statement on Trade and Sustainable Development." International Institute for Sustainable Development, September 2000.

Lucas, Caroline MEP. "Watchful in Seattle: WTO Threats to Public Services, Food and the Environment." European Green Party, November 1999.

Monro, Rob. "WTO New Issues of Trade and Environment: Challenges and Opportunities for Zimbabwe and Zimbabwe's Concerns in the New Trade Round." Africa Resources and Trust/Zimbabwe Trust, November 1999.

Natural Resource Institute. "Ethical Trade in Forest Products and the Policy Environment." Information site.

Retallack, Simon. "The WTO Places Corporate Interest Above Humanity and the Environment." Corporate Watch

Stilwell, Matthew and Van Dyke, Brennan. "Codex, Substantial Equivalence and WTO Threats to National GMO Labeling Schemes." Center for International Environmental Law, Spring 1999.

"Technical Statement on WTO and Environment." Coalition of United States Environmental NGOs, July 1999.

Trade and Environment Database, an index of trade/environment cases  from American University.

WTO Briefing Roomprovided by the U.S.D.A.'s Economic Research Service. Provided by the U.S.D.A.'s Economic Research Service. 

Zarsky, Lyuba; Kevin Gallagher. "Searching for the Holy Grail? Making FDI work for Sustainable Development" Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University, March 2003.